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EARTH SCIENCE UPDATES Underlined
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page 17: When the water reaches the leaves or the petals, it moves through tiny holes into the air in the form of water vapor. page 22: All seeds need
water, page 26: When a seed begins
to grow, the root goes down first. Gravity causes the roots
to grow down towards the Earth page 41: Some seeds are very
tough and can stay dormant for extended periods of time.
Factors such as moisture, page 56: dicot: Plant with
two monocot: Plant with
seeds that have one
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page 52: Barometers measure
air pressure or the push of air on the surface of the Earth.
Meteorologists use an international unit of pressure, the
millibar, for this instrument. The pressure of the
atmosphere is usually around 1000 millibars, about the same
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page 29 Rocks are made up of many different materials. They come from a variety of locations. Minerals are made of the same material, chemical composition, crystalline structure, and hardness. page 41 Metamorphic rocks
are changed by pressure and in part by heat from friction
page 60 Compare the
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page 8
page 24 In the sky, air
pressure is only one part of the cause of cloud formation.
Water in the air must gather around student booklet page 7 If the temperature
is generally below This is a simple way
of seeing climate. You must also consider water. If an area
is near the ocean, the climate can be "marine". If an area
is far from water, the climate may be "
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page 2 The crust, the outer
layer, is mostly made of oxygen and silicon, with aluminum,
iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium. There are
two types of crust: oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust
is a dense rock, called basalt, that has sunk to the bottom
of the ocean floor and is about page 13 Add: Rodinia was a supercontinent that formed about 1,100 million years ago. Around 750 million years ago, it broke into three pieces that drifted apart. 600 million years ago, those pieces came back together forming a new supercontinent, Pannotia. About 550 million years ago, Pannotia was breaking up into several small fragments, Laurentia (the core of what is now North America), Baltica (northern Europe), and Siberia, and one very large piece, containing what would become China, India, Africa, South America, and Antarctica, was called Gondwana. Over the next 200 million years many of the small pieces came together to form another large continent called Laurasia. Laurasia and Gondwana joined approximately 275 million years ago to form the supercontinent of Pangea. The breakup of Pangea is still going on today and contributes in the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. Eventually a new supercontinent will form and then it will break apart and so on. It's possible there were supercontinents 4,300 million years but proof is very difficult to gather due to the lack of life forms that help scientists determine the age of rocks. page 29 Snow piles up, compresses, and forms glaciers. As the weight of the glacier increases, it can begin to move. The ice flows downhill. The layers of ice flow over each other, some up to 1,500m thick page 30 earthquake: Rapid vibration of the Earth created by a sudden movement of large sections of rock. page 36 Explain that the pattern of some earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean is called "The Ring of Fire". page 40 The largest volcano
is Mauna Loa in Hawaii, projecting English Worksheet Questions to Consider What
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page 20 There are two
page 27 eclipse: Temporary
blocking of light by page 36 Explain that
page 37 Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer who lived from 1546-1601, made the most accurate observations of the observable solar system at that time. gravity: Force of attraction between two objects. inertia: Property of a substance to continue to move at a constant speed if moving and to rest if resting. page 42 Sometimes, surface conditions affect the ability of a planet to retain heat. If a planet has no atmosphere, the heat from the sunlight is quickly released by the planet like Mercury. page 46 Surface Gravity (Earth = 1): 0.38 Unique feature:
Caloris Basin, a crater on Mercury that was blasted out by a
huge asteroid, Surface temperature: 292 to 800 degrees F, -180 to 427 degrees C (change in surface temperature caused by rotation of the planet and lack of atmosphere) page 62 Surface temperature:
page 69 Pluto Information Distance from the sun: 3,666,382,400 miles Diameter: 1,410 miles or 2,274 kilometers Atmosphere: probably nitrogen with some carbon monoxide and methane gases. Moons: 1 Surface temperature: -235 to -210 degrees Celsius Surface Gravity (Earth = 1): 1.2 Unique feature: Highly eccentric orbit. At times, Pluto is closer to the Sun than Neptune. Pluto rotates in the opposite direction from most of the other planets. page 72 Pluto sesame seed
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